"The evolution of male–female dominance relations in primate societies"
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2500405122
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Males were long believed to dominate females socially in most primates. Recent studies have challenged this perspective, paving the way for a more comprehensive exploration of male–female power relations. Here, we quantify and examine variation in intersexual dominance relationships across 121 primate species. We show that societies where males win nearly all aggressive encounters against females are actually rare. Evolutionarily, females became more dominant when they gained more control over reproduction, as in monogamous, monomorphic, or arboreal species, as well as when they faced more competition, as in solitary or pair-living species. Contrarily, male-biased dominance prevails in terrestrial, sexually dimorphic, and polygynous species. These results may also deepen debates about the origins of gender roles in human societies.
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Remember, EvoPsych is a pseudoscience.
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