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#mushtodon

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Leratiomyces percevalii

mushroomexpert.com/Leratiomyce

Ecology: Saprobic; growing scattered or gregariously in waste places, grassy areas, and woodchips;
summer, fall, and winter; West Coast.

Cap: 2.5-8 cm; convex, becoming broadly convex or broadly bell-shaped; sticky when fresh but soon dry; honey yellow when young, quickly becoming yellowish, whitish, or dingy olive; smooth or finely hairy in places; the margin adorned with hanging white partial veil remnants, especially when young.

Gills: Attached to the stem or beginning run down it; close; whitish at first, becoming purplish gray to purple-black.

Stem: 4-13 cm long; up to about 1 cm thick; equal or tapered to base; dry; with a ring zone that darkens with falling spores; finely hairy; whitish, developing reddish brown discolorations from the base upwards; base usually hairy, with prominent mycelial threads.

Flesh: Whitish.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive, or radish-like; taste similar.

Spore Print: Dark purple-brown to blackish.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface yellow.

Microscopic Features: Spores 13-16 x 7-9 ; smooth; more or less elliptical; with a germ pore. Chrysocystidia present on gill faces but inconspicuous (more easily demonstrated in button-stage specimens than in mature specimens, where they are often absent); clavate to irregularly clavate or submucronate; scarcely projecting; to about 50 x 8 . Cheilocystidia abundant; to about 70 x 10 ; clavate to cylindric; flexuous.

Phallus indusiatus

mushroomexpert.com/Phallus_ind

Note: The description below is based on the photos sent to me, and on the sources cited below. I have not studied any collections of Phallus indusiatus.

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone or gregariously in woods, especially in disturbed-ground areas (ditches, paths, road sides, and so on); also common in urban settings; year-round; originally described from Suriname; distributed in South America, Central America, and Mexico; also reported throughout the tropics, nearly world-wide.

Immature Fruiting Body: Like a whitish, brownish, or pinkish "egg"; when sliced revealing the stinkhorn-to-be encased in a gelatinous substance.

Mature Fruiting Body: Cylindric, with a clearly differentiated head structure that sits atop the stem; developing a net-like structure that extends below the head.

Head: Up to about 4 cm high and 4 cm wide; broadly conic or bell-shaped; becoming perforated at the apex, with the perforation surrounded by a sterile whitish "lip"; becoming deeply pitted and pocketed in a reticulate pattern; surface white to creamy, but covered with a thick layer of dark brown spore slime.

Indusium (the "net"): Developing below the bottom rim of the head; eventually extending to the ground and flaring away from the stem; white, sometimes becoming pinkish with old age; with thin dissepiments.

Stem: Up to 20 cm high and 2 cm thick; cylindric; finely pocketed; whitish; hollow; base enclosed in a whitish to pinkish volva; attached to white or pinkish rhizomorphs.

Odor: Unpleasant and strong.

Microscopic Features: Spores 3.5-4 x 1.5-2 m; elongated-ellipsoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH. Sphaerocysts of the pseudostipe 30-60 m; subglobose; smooth; hyaline in KOH. Hyphae of the volva 3-7 m wide; smooth; yellowish; clamp connections present.

Xerocomellus atropurpureus

mushroomexpert.com/Xerocomellu

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with conifers; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; fall and winter; originally described from Oregon (Frank et al. 2020); distributed in the Pacific Northwest and northern California, and in the Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges. The illustrated and described collections are from California.

Cap: 4-9 cm; convex, becoming broadly convex; dry; often tightly wrinkled when young; bald or, when young, with a whitish bloom; sometimes developing fissures in age, but not typically becoming finely cracked; dark brown to nearly black, often with reddish to purplish hues.

Pore Surface: Yellow when young, becoming olive yellow; not bruising, or bruising slowly bluish gray to brownish; with 1-2 angular pores per mm; tubes to 6 mm deep.

Stem: 4-7 cm long; 0.5-2 cm thick; at first swollen centrally or basally, but more or less equal with age; solid; red overall, or yellow (especially apically) with red areas; sometimes bluing slowly when bruised; basal mycelium yellowish.

Flesh: Whitish to yellowish in cap; yellowish to yellow in stem; not staining when sliced, or staining slowly and erratically bluish.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: Ammonia negative on cap and flesh. KOH negative to grayish on cap; orangish to dark yellow on flesh. Iron salts negative on cap and flesh.

Spore Print: Olive brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 12-16 x 4-6 m; boletoid-fusiform; smooth; yellowish to golden in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 35-38 x 5-8 m; clavate; mostly 4-sterigmate. Hymenial cystidia not found. Pileipellis a trichoderm or palisadoderm; elements 4-15 m wide, subglobose to ellipsoid or elongated-cylindric; smooth or a little encrusted; yellowish to brownish in KOH; terminal cells varying (sometimes within the same cap) from cylindric-elongated with apices subclavate or merely rounded, to subglobose, ellipsoid, or awl-shaped.

Gyromitra esculenta

mushroomexpert.com/Gyromitra_e

Ecology: Officially saprobic, but potentially also mycorrhizal--or, like the true morels, donning both ecological hats in the course of its life cycle; found in spring, primarily under conifers; widely distributed in northern and montane North America.

Cap: 4-8 cm high; 3-12 cm wide; irregular and convoluted in shape but generally brainlike and often somewhat lobed (but usually not saddle-shaped); wrinkled; bald; pinkish tan to reddish brown, becoming darker or nearly black in age and in prolonged sunlight; undersurface not generally exposed, close to stem, tan to whitish, finely mealy.

Flesh: Thin; brittle; whitish to tan; slight or chambered.

Stem: 3-9 cm long; 1-3.5 cm thick; pale yellowish tan to rose to tinged like the cap; usually roundish in cross-section but frequently folded into a figure eight cross-section; bald.

Microscopic Features: Spores 19-28 x 10-13 ; smooth; fusiform or nearly ellipsoid ; usually biguttulate with two small droplets but occasionally uniguttulate or multiguttulate. Asci 8-spored. Paraphyses clavate; 4-10 wide; reddish to reddish orange.

Lactarius argillaceifolius

mushroomexpert.com/Lactarius_a

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks; growing alone or gregariously; spring (it is often one of the first mycorrhizal mushrooms to appear in oak-hickory forests), summer and fall; widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains.

Cap: 3-18 cm; convex becoming flat or shallowly vase-shaped; drab cinnamon to drab lilac brown; without zones; bald or minutely pocked and rugged; sticky when fresh.

Gills: Beginning to run down the stem; close or crowded; cream colored when young, becoming dingy cinnamon with age; stained slowly brown (or rarely olive to greenish) by the latex where damaged.

Stem: 3-9 cm long; 1-3.5 cm thick; tapering to base; pale or brownish in age; dry or slightly sticky; smooth; without potholes.

Flesh: White; unchanging, or discoloring faintly tan.

Milk: Off-white; unchanging when exposed; staining tissues brown to brownish, or rarely olive to greenish; over time staining white paper yellow.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive to mildly fragrant; taste mild to slowly slightly acrid.

Spore Print: Pale yellowish.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface erasing pigments to pale orange or tan.

Microscopic Features: Spores 8-10 x 7-8 ; broadly ellipsoid or subglobose; ornamentation 0.5-1 high, composed of fairly isolated warts and ridges that sometimes form broken reticula. Pleuromacrocystidia fusoid-ventricose; to 100+ long. Cheilomacrocystidia similar but usually shorter. Pileipellis an ixolattice.

Thelephora palmata

mushroomexpert.com/Thelephora_

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with conifers; growing alone or gregariously, on the ground; summer and fall; originally described from Carniola (in present-day Slovenia); widespread in Europe and North America. The illustrated and described collection is from Colorado.

Fruiting Body: A branching structure 4-10 cm across and 3-10 cm high, with branches arising from shared stem structures.

Branches: Numerous; individually cylindric at first, but becoming flattened with development; surface becoming slightly wrinkled; at first whitish, becoming brown to dark purplish brown.

Stem: Hard to define precisely, but generally about 2-3 cm high and up to 0.5 cm thick; tough; dark gray to black; united with other stems basally.

Flesh: Stringy; fairly tough; brownish to whitish; unchanging when sliced.

Odor: Strong and foul (see discussion above).

Chemical Reactions: KOH instantly black on all surfaces and flesh.

Microscopic Features: Spores 8-11 x 6-8 m (excluding ornamentation); vaguely ellipsoid to more or less subglobose—occasionally slightly lobed; covered with spines about 1 m wide at the base, extending 0.5-1 m high; brownish in KOH. Basidia 40-70 x 6-10 m; clavate to widely cylindric; 4-sterigmate. Cystidia not found. Hyphae of the hymenium 3-8 m wide, brown in KOH. Tramal elements grayish green to bluish in KOH. Clamp connections present.

Russula earlei

mushroomexpert.com/Russula_ear

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks, beech, and perhaps with other hardwoods; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; summer and fall; apparently widely distributed east of the Great Plains.

Cap: 3-11 cm; convex when young, becoming broadly convex to flat, sometimes with a shallow depression; a little sticky when wet; finely rugged, with a waxy-granular feel; the surface often cracking up with age;
straw yellow to dirty orangish yellow; the margin not lined, or faintly lined at maturity; the skin tightly adnate, not peeling easily.

Gills: Attached to the stem or beginning to run down it; distant; whitish to creamy, becoming dull yellow; often with a water-soaked appearance; sometimes spotting and discoloring reddish brown.

Stem: 2.5-7 cm long; .5-2.5 cm thick; whitish to dull yellow; dry, but with a waxy feel and a water-soaked appearance; sometimes discoloring reddish brown near the base; fairly smooth; basal mycelium white.

Flesh: White to yellowish.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive; taste mild, or slightly bitter or acrid.

Spore Print: White.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface dull red to reddish brown; iron salts on stem surface negative to pinkish.

Microscopic Features: Spores 3.5-6.5 x 5.5-7 ; warts mostly isolated, extending to about <NOBR>.5 </NOBR> high; connectors scattered, not usually creating reticulated areas. Subhymenium prosenchymatous. Pileipellis a partially gelatinized cutis of mostly repent elements, hyaline to brownish in KOH, with cylindric-irregular terminal cells that feature rounded to squarish apices; pileocystidia absent.

Clavaria fumosa

mushroomexpert.com/Clavaria_fu

Ecology: Saprobic; growing in dense clusters; usually found in woods, frequently in the presence of grass or moss; summer and fall; northeastern North America, the Great Lakes region, and the southern Appalachians.

Fruiting Body: 2-14 cm high; 2-5 mm wide; more or less cylindrical, with a tapered base; only rarely branched, near the tip; sometimes flattened or grooved; smooth; dry or moist; fairly brittle; the tip bluntly pointed; grayish, off-white, dirty yellowish, or dirty pinkish, with a whiter base; the tip becoming dark reddish brown to black with age.

Flesh: Colored like the surface; insubstantial.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Spore Print: White.

Chemical Reactions: Irons salts green on surfaces.

Microscopic Features: Spores 5-8 x 3-4 ; ellipsoid to pip-shaped; smooth; with a small apiculus. Basidia subclavate; 30-50 x 6-8 ; 4-sterigmate; not basally clamped. Clamp connections absent; hyphae often constricted at the septa.

Agrocybe acericola

mushroomexpert.com/Agrocybe_ac

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously from or near woody debris in lowland hardwood forests; usually appearing in spring and early summer, but also appearing through fall; originally described from New York; widely distributed in the midwestern and eastern United States. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois.

Cap: 1.5-5 cm; convex at first, becoming broadly convex or broadly bell-shaped; sticky when fresh, but soon dry; bald; at first yellow-brown overall, becoming dull brownish yellow with a yellow-brown center; sometimes becoming radially wrinkled, especially near the center; the margin even, and not becoming lined.

Gills: Narrowly to broadly attached to the stem; close; short-gills frequent; whitish at first, becoming dull grayish brown; at first covered by a white partial veil.

Stem: 4-10 cm long and 4-9 mm thick; more or less equal above a slight underground bulb; bald; whitish to pale brownish; often twisted; with a high, thin, flaring, white ring that develops a brown upper edge; basal mycelium white; base attached to white rhizomorphs.

Flesh: White; unchanging when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Mealy.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface negative.

Spore Print: Brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-10.5 x 4-6.5 m; more or less ellipsoid, with one end flattened for a 1-2 m pore; smooth; thick-walled; brownish golden in KOH; brown in Melzer's. Basidia 25-30 x 7-8 m; subclavate; 4-sterigmate. Cheilocystidia 35-45 x 10-15 m; subutriform to utriform or clavate; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Pleurocystidia 30-65 x 15-25 m; widely utriform, often with a long neck; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Pileipellis hymeniform; terminal elements 7.5-15 m wide; clavate to pyriform; hyaline in KOH.

REFERENCES: (Peck, 1873) Singer, 1950. (Singer, 1978; Smith, Smith & Weber, 1979; Flynn & Miller, 1990; Phillips, 1991/2005; Lincoff, 1992; Barron, 1999; McNeil, 2006.) Herb. Kuo 05260307, 05220401, 05290402, 05050602, 05291303, 07091607, 05161801.

Clitocybe subcanescens

mushroomexpert.com/Clitocybe_s

Ecology: Saprobic; growing scattered or gregariously in needle duff under conifers; fall; originally described from Michigan and Idaho; possibly widely distributed in North America. The illustrated and described collection is from Wisconsin.

Cap: 2-3 cm across; convex, becoming broadly convex with a shallow central depression; thin; moist; bald but with a thin whitish pubescence in places; butterscotch, fading to buff or whitish; hygrophanous; the margin not lined.

Gills: Broadly attached to the stem or beginning to run down it; close; short-gills frequent; white.

Stem: 1-3 cm long; 2-5 mm thick; more or less equal; moist; bald; becoming hollow; sometimes becoming flattened; pale yellowish to whitish; with white basal mycelium.

Flesh: Thin; whitish.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative on cap surface.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Details: Spores 3-5 x 2.5-3 m; ellipsoid; with a tiny apiculus; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 22-24 x 3-4.5 m; clavate; 4-sterigmate. Cystidia not found. Pileipellis a partially gelatinized cutis of elements 3-5 m wide, smooth, hyaline in KOH; clamp connections present.

Cortinarius distans

mushroomexpert.com/Cortinarius

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with hardwoods, especially oaks and, in my experience, hickories; growing alone or gregariously; common in spring and early summer, but appearing through fall; widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains (see comments below for western collections).

Cap: 2-7 cm; bell-shaped to conical, becoming broadly bell-shaped or convex; moist when fresh; usually finely grainy or scaly, at least when young; orangish brown, changing color markedly as it dries out and becoming dull orangish tan; the margin at first whitish, often splitting in age.

Gills: Attached to the stem, often by a notch; distant; pale brownish to nearly yellowish at first, becoming cinnamon brown; initially covered by a white cortina.

Stem: 4-8 cm long; up to 1.5 cm thick; equal or club-shaped (especially when young); finely silky; brownish, with a paler apex when young; often with a white ring zone; basal mycelium whitish.

Flesh: Whitish when young but soon brownish; becoming crumbly in the stem with age.

Odor: Radishlike, sweetish and fragrant, or not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface slowly dark reddish brown.

Spore Print: Rusty brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-9 x 4-6 ; ellipsoid, often with one subfusoid end; moderately to finely ornamented; dextrinoid; orangish brown in KOH. Cheilo- and pleurocystidia absent. Pileipellis a cutis.

Suillus wasatchicus

mushroomexpert.com/Suillus_was

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with ponderosa pine; growing scattered or gregariously in monsoon season (late July through early September); originally described from Utah; widespread in the southern Rocky Mountains. The illustrated and described collections are from Colorado.

Cap: 3-10 cm; convex becoming broadly convex; sticky when fresh; bald; bright golden yellow to dull yellowish or nearly whitish; the margin often featuring a thin, whitish, sterile zone, especially in young specimens.

Pore Surface: Pale orange when young, becoming orangish yellow and eventually brownish yellow; with abundant orangish to pinkish or cinnamon glandular dots throughout development; 2-3 angular pores per mm; tubes to 8 mm deep.

Stem: 3-5 cm long; 1.5-3 cm thick; stout; more or less equal; dry; yellowish to bright yellow at the apex, whitish to brownish below; with conspicuous, cinnamon glandular dots that frequently become large and elongated with maturity, resulting in smears and lines; without a ring.

Flesh: Whitish in cap; pale yellow in stem; not staining on exposure.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: Ammonia pink on cap surface; pink on flesh. KOH dark purple on cap surface; purple on flesh. Iron salts negative on cap surface; blue on flesh.

Spore Print: Cinnamon brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-9 x 3-3.5 m; boletoid-fusiform; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 18-25 x 3-5 m; subclavate; 4-sterigmate. Cystidia in gelatinized, brown bundles; often poorly defined individually; 40-90 x 6-8 m; clavate, subfusiform, or subcylindric; smooth; thin-walled; brown in KOH. Pileipellis an ixocutis; elements 2.5-5 m wide, smooth or a little encrusted, hyaline in KOH.

Suillus tridentinus

mushroomexpert.com/Suillus_tri

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with European larch; growing alone or gregariously; fall; originally described from Italy; probably widespread in the Alps and the Carpathians, throughout the natural range of the host tree. The illustrated and described collection is from Italy.

Cap: 5-9 cm across; broadly convex; sticky when fresh; bald, or with fibrillose areas, especially near the margin; brownish orange to orange; staining waxed paper yellow.

Pore Surface: Bright orange when young, becoming duller orange with maturity; pores large and angular, about 1-2 mm in length, in boletinoid (radial) arrangement; tubes to about 10 mm deep.

Stem: 4-6 cm long; 1-2 cm thick; more or less equal above a tapered base; colored like the cap; with a collapsing, gelatinized, whitish ring; often reticulate above the ring; basal mycelium whitish.

Flesh: Pale yellow to orangish in cap and upper stem; darker yellow or orange in stem base; when sliced sometimes turning a little bluish in lower stem.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Microscopic Features: Spores 8-14 x 3.5-5 m; boletoid-fusiform; smooth; yellowish in KOH. Basidia 20-25 x 4-6 m; subclavate; 4-sterigmate. Cystidia mostly in bundles; 30-50+ x 5-10; cylindric with subclavate, subcapitate, or merely rounded apices; thin-walled; smooth; hyaline to brown in KOH. Pileipellis an ixocutis. Clamp connections not found.

Gymnopilus liquiritiae

mushroomexpert.com/Gymnopilus_

Ecology: Saprobic on the rotting wood of fallen hardwoods (especially in the south) and conifers (especially in the north and west); growing alone or gregariously; summer and fall; apparently widely distributed in North America. The illustrated and described collections are from Missouri, Maryland, and Qu&#233;bec.

Cap: 2-6 cm; convex when young, expanding to broadly convex or slightly bell-shaped; dry; bald; soft; rusty brown to brownish orange; the margin sometimes becoming finely lined at maturity.

Gills: Narrowly attached to the stem, but sometimes pulling away from it in age; close; short-gills frequent; yellowish or pale orange at first, maturing to rusty orange; sometimes with reddish brown spots.

Stem: 2-4 cm long; 3-5 mm thick; more or less equal; bald or finely fibrillose; whitish to brownish or brownish orange; basal mycelium yellow to rusty.

Flesh: Whitish in the cap; orangish in the stem; unchanging when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Taste very bitter; odor mild, fragrant, or like that of raw potatoes.

Chemical Reactions: KOH dark purplish red on cap surface.

Spore Print: Rusty brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-10 x 4-5 m; ellipsoid; echinulate; dextrinoid; reddish brown in KOH. Pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia 20-40 x 4-7 m; cylindric with subcapitate to capitate apices; thin-walled; smooth; hyaline to brownish orange in KOH. Pileipellis a cutis. Clamp connections present.