Nicole Sharp<p>Eagles, butterflies, and whales don’t appear to have much in common, but a <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303834" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">new study shows</a> that they — along with over 400 other flying and swimming animals of all sizes — flap with a frequency determined by a simple equation. Their beat frequency is proportional to the square root of their mass divided by their wing area. As you can see in the graph below, this scaling collapses pretty much all of the data onto a single line:</p> Illustration of the predicted relationship between size and wing frequency (black line) shown alongside various insects, birds, bats, penguins, and whales. The swimming animals also fall on the line, once adjustments are made for the difference in density between air and water. <p>It’s surprising to find such a consistent relationship among animals of such vastly different sizes and types. The next big question for researchers will be unpicking exactly why and how animals evolved to use such a consistent pattern between their size and their wing(/fin) frequency. (Image credit: top – <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/shallow-focus-photography-of-bees-flew-in-mid-air-qFAEHxevxVE" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">E. Ward</a>, graph – <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303834" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">J. Jensen et al.</a>; research credit: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303834" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">J. Jensen et al.</a>; via <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/simple-equation-predicts-how-quickly-animals-flap-their-wings/?utm_campaign=14290-58245&utm_content=Title%3A%20Simple%20equation%20predicts%20how%20quickly%20animals%20flap%20their%20wings%20-%20Editors_pick&utm_term=&utm_medium=email&utm_source=iop" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Physics World</a>)</p><p><a href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/2024/06/universal-wingbeats/" class="" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://fyfluiddynamics.com/2024/06/universal-wingbeats/</a></p><p><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/allometry/" target="_blank">#allometry</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/biology/" target="_blank">#biology</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/fluid-dynamics/" target="_blank">#fluidDynamics</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/flying/" target="_blank">#flying</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/mathematics/" target="_blank">#mathematics</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/physics/" target="_blank">#physics</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/science/" target="_blank">#science</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/swimming/" target="_blank">#swimming</a></p>