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Global and regional drivers for exceptional climate extremes in 2023-2024: beyond the new normal

If the recent trend in EEI is maintained, we argue that natural fluctuations such as ENSO cycles will increasingly lead to amplified, record-breaking impacts, with 2023–2024 serving as a glimpse of future climate extremes

nature.com/articles/s41612-025

NatureGlobal and regional drivers for exceptional climate extremes in 2023-2024: beyond the new normal - npj Climate and Atmospheric ScienceClimate records have been broken with alarming regularity in recent years, but the events of 2023–2024 were exceptional even when accounting for recent climatic trends. Here we quantify these events across multiple variables and show how excess energy accumulation in the Earth system drove the exceptional conditions. Key factors were the positive decadal trend in Earth’s Energy Imbalance (EEI), persistent La Niña conditions beginning in 2020, and the switch to El Niño in 2023. Between 2022 and 2023, the heating from EEI was over 75% larger than during the onset of similar recent El Niño events. We show further how regional processes shaped distinct patterns of record-breaking sea surface temperatures in individual ocean basins. If the recent trend in EEI is maintained, we argue that natural fluctuations such as ENSO cycles will increasingly lead to amplified, record-breaking impacts, with 2023–2024 serving as a glimpse of future climate extremes.

Evaluation of climate indices related to water resources in Iran over the past 3 decades

These findings reflect significant impact of climate change on Iran’s climate patterns, indicating increased water scarcity. Effective water resource management and climate adaptation are crucial

nature.com/articles/s41598-025

NatureEvaluation of climate indices related to water resources in Iran over the past 3 decades - Scientific ReportsClimate change has significantly altered water resources globally. This study examines the effects of climate change on Iran’s water resources using twelve climate indices developed by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) from 1992 to 2022. Daily climate data were obtained from the Global Surface Summary of the Day (GSOD) database, which includes quality-controlled data from Iran’s Meteorological Organization. The GSOD data undergo extensive automated quality control processes to eliminate random errors and ensure data reliability. Long-term trends were analyzed using linear regression, and spatial patterns were identified using K-means and hierarchical clustering methods. Analysis of 29 provincial capitals revealed significant trends in precipitation and temperature patterns. Temperature indices showed widespread increases, with 75.86% of cities experiencing significant rises in Mean daily mean temperature (TMm) (p < 0.05, up to 0.16 °C/year) and 96.55% showing increases in Mean daily maximum temperature (TXm). Heavy precipitation indices showed significant decreases (p < 0.05): 11.11% of cities for Annual Total Precipitation from Very Wet Days (R95pTOT) and 22.22% for Extremely Wet Days (R99pTOT). Annual Total Wet-Day Precipitation (PRCPTOT) showed spatial variation, with Rasht showing a significant increase (19.07 mm/year, p < 0.05), while Bojnourd exhibited a decrease (− 4.28 mm/year, p > 0.05). The Consecutive Dry Days (CDD) index showed a significant increase in 14.81% of the cities, with Khorramabad experiencing the highest increase of 4.4 days/year (p < 0.05). Fraction of days with above average temperature (TXgt50p) increased significantly in over 70% of the cities. Study limitations include incomplete data for Karaj and Qom, and missing precipitation records for Kermanshah and Sari. These findings reflect significant impact of climate change on Iran’s climate patterns, indicating increased water scarcity. Effective water resource management and climate adaptation are crucial.

The researchers discovered that "tropical forests in the southern Amazon area are vulnerable to climate change" because of increasingly prolonged dry seasons. "The dry season is the dominant driver determining forest canopy height in this area," said Liu.

Because global climate model projections show that this area will have longer dry seasons, "We may see significant reductions in canopy height,"

phys.org/news/2025-04-nasa-las

Phys.org · NASA laser tech reveals climate impact on tropical forest canopiesBy Clea Simon

Many native New Zealand species face threat of extinction, report finds

A three-yearly environmental update issues stark warning over biodiversity – and reports air pollution has improved in some areas

theguardian.com/world/2025/apr

The Guardian · Many native New Zealand species face threat of extinction, report findsBy Eva Corlett